Same template, same rows, aligned — so the differences do the talking. We don't declare winners; the files' own verified notes give the context, and your /fit weights make it personal.
Unmarried partnerMarried onlyRegistered union onlyRegistered union only
Founder routeSelf-Employment Residence (§21 AufenthG) — the founder/freelancer routenone — investor/employee onlyItalia Startup Visa (ISV)
Money & tax
Top income tax~45% top income-tax rate + 5.5% solidarity surcharge on high incomes; effective burden pushed higher by mandatory social contributions and (if registered) church tax9–44% progressive under Law 5246/2025 (from 1 Jan 2026); dividends 5% — lowest in the EU; solidarity contribution abolishedIRPEF 23–43% + regional (0.7–3.33%) and municipal (up to 0.9%) surtaxes → ~47% effective at the top
Special regimenone (no impatriate/flat-tax regime like Italy/Portugal)Art. 5B — 7% flat on ALL foreign income for pensioners, 15 years, no geographic restriction · Art. 5A — €100,000/yr non-dom flat tax, 15 years, needs €500k investment · Art. 5C — 50% exemption on Greek income, 7 years7% flat tax for foreign pensioners (southern municipalities) · €300,000 lump-sum for new residents · impatriate regime (50% exemption)
Tax treaty with Türkiye 🇹🇷 TURKISH PASSPORT Yes Yes Yes
Social security w/ Türkiye 🇹🇷 TURKISH PASSPORT Bilateral (health incl.) No agreementBilateral — health not yet applied
English (EF EPI 2025)613 · #10 of 123592 · #20 of 123513 · #59 of 123
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Field notes — what the files say about each other
Extracted from the country files themselves. Every note cites verified figures only — estimates are quarantined until confirmed.
Residency Pathways
🇬🇷Greece ran the opposite experiment to Spain and reversed it: until February 2026 you could apply from inside Greece as a tourist, but Law 5275/2026 abolished the in-country route. It is now consular-first like Italy and Portugal — while Spain's in-country UGE route remains open.
🇬🇷Italy has no equivalent at all; Spain's arraigo needs only 2 years
Daily Life
🇬🇷EF EPI 2025, ef.com — the set spans #6 Portugal to #59 Italy.
Life Fit Index — Data Inputs
🇬🇷Spain 8.13/21st and Portugal 8.08/23rd are also full democracies; Italy 7.58/37th is flawed. All four cluster within half a point except Italy.
🇬🇷Spain 1st/88.7%, Portugal 12th/67%, Italy 36th/24% — Greece and Portugal are effectively tied.
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