Greece

1. At a Glance

Who Greece is ideal for: foreign pensioners above all — the Article 5B regime charges 7% flat on all foreign income for 15 years with no geographic restriction, which on duration and coverage is the most generous retiree regime in the set; anyone who wants an EU passport in 7 years instead of 10 while keeping their original nationality; and investors who want a Golden Visa with a genuinely low entry point (€250k for conversions and restorations) and no minimum stay.

Who Greece is NOT for: people on modest passive income — at €3,500/month the FIP bar is the highest of the four countries, nearly four times Greece's own minimum wage; Turkish licence holders, because Türkiye does not appear on Greece's conversion lists and a full driving test is required (§4.4); anyone weighting air quality heavily, since Greece now measures worst of the four; and anyone weighting rule of law and institutional quality, where Greece ranks near the bottom of its European peer group.

2. Residency Pathways

Every visa below follows the same mini-template so users can compare routes at a glance.

2.1 FIP — Financially Independent Person

Sources: Greek Ministry of Migration & Asylum · consular FIP checklists · globalcitizensolutions.com · savoryandpartners.com · mygreekexpatjourney.com (verified Jul 2026)

2.2 Digital Nomad Visa

Officially the Digital Nomad Visa (Law 4825/2021) — the name is the same in law and in common use, so no translation gap here. It covers both remote employees and freelancers working for employers/clients outside Greece, and you sign a written declaration that you will not work for Greek-based clients or take Greek employment. One structural quirk: the passive-income (FIP) and nomad thresholds are identical at €3,500/month, so in Greece the "am I a nomad or a person of means?" question is a tax/rights distinction, not an income one.

(Greece ran the opposite experiment to Spain and reversed it: until February 2026 you could apply from inside Greece as a tourist, but Law 5275/2026 abolished the in-country route. It is now consular-first like Italy and Portugal — while Spain's in-country UGE route remains open.)

Sources: Law 4825/2021 · Law 5275/2026 · remoteworkeurope.eu · consiliojus.com · mygreekexpatjourney.com (verified Jul 2026)

2.3 Golden Visa — active, but rebuilt around geography

Greece restructured its programme under Article 100 as amended by Law 5100/2024, replacing a single national threshold with a location-based tier system:

• The €400k and €800k tiers require a single residential property of at least 120 m². You may own others, but one property alone must clear the threshold.
• Short-term rentals are prohibited on Golden Visa properties — no Airbnb. Long-term letting only. This materially changes the yield model that drew many earlier investors.
• Non-property routes: €350,000 in funds, shares or government bonds · €500,000 fixed-term Greek bank deposit · €250,000 in an innovative startup registered with Elevate Greece (Art. 44, Law 5162/2024).
• 5-year renewable permit, no minimum stay. Family included: spouse, children under 21, and the parents of both spouses, without raising the investment.
• Budget roughly 7–10% on top of the purchase price for taxes, notary, registration and immigration fees.
• The catch that matters for anyone buying the visa as a passport plan: citizenship still requires 7 years of actual residence. Investment alone does not run the clock.

Sources: Art. 100 as amended by Law 5100/2024 · Art. 44 Law 5162/2024 · investmentvisa.com · globalcitizensolutions.com · astons.com (verified Jul 2026)

2.4 Work Visa

2.4b Talent Visa 🆕 — Θεώρηση Ταλέντου (Law 5275/2026)

The new door in the 2026 reform — and the nearest Greece comes to a job-seeker route. A highly-qualified non-EU national may enter for 12 months to look for work or build something, with no job offer required on entry — the feature that separates it from every neighbour in this catalogue: the Tech Visa is employer-tied (an Elevate Greece company, no employer change), the DNV is for foreign clients only (€3,500/mo, no Greek work), and the EU Blue Card needs a signed offer at ≥€39,888/yr (extended 2→3 years by this same law).

🇹🇷 For a Turkish master's/PhD holder this is a genuine no-job-offer entry door — provided the awarding institution sits on two ranking lists (several leading Turkish universities appear in global rankings, but check the specific school rather than assuming). For those who qualify, the ladder is clean: Talent Visa → Blue Card / work permit → 5-year long-term residence → citizenship at 7 years — still the fastest core-four clock for a Turk.

Sources: Law 5275/2026 (published Feb 2026) · Ministry of Migration & Asylum (verified Jul 2026)

2.5 Student Visa

Sources: Greek Ministry of Migration & Asylum · Ministry of Education · globalcitizensolutions.com · study-abroad.org · aeroseer.com · educations.com · deel.com (verified Jul 2026)

2.5b Long-Term Residence — επί μακρόν διαμένων (EU LTR)

Greece's settlement status (Law 4251/2014, as amended by Law 5038/2023): after 5 years of continuous legal residence, the EU long-term resident status makes the stay indefinite. Conditions: stable regular income (not from social assistance), full health insurance, and an integration condition — Greek language plus history/culture. Processing runs through the decentralised administrations and is too variable to quote — unverified rather than guessed.

Two useful notes. Greece's closest arraigo-analogue is the residence permit for exceptional reasons (εξαιρετικοί λόγοι) — available to those documenting ~7 years' continuous presence — a genuine standing regularisation route, distinct from the time-based status above (Italy has no equivalent at all; Spain's arraigo needs only 2 years). And the disappearance rule holds here too: the EU LTR status is lost after 12+ consecutive months outside the EU. (Citizenship stays the separate 7-year track — still the fastest residence-based clock of the four for a Turkish national.)

Sources: Law 4251/2014 · Law 5038/2023 (Immigration Code) · Ministry of Migration & Asylum (verified Jul 2026)

2.6 Citizenship — the fastest in the set

Sources: Greek Nationality Code (Law 3284/2004) · Ministry of Interior · relocate.world · leptokaridou.com · lexidy.com (verified Jul 2026)

2.7 Startup routes — Greece has NO dedicated founder visa

The honest answer, stated directly because it is a genuine differentiator: a non-EU founder has no purpose-built visa in Greece. What Greece markets around startups splits into two non-founder routes:

• The €250,000 "Startup Golden Visa" — an investment into a qualifying Greek startup, treated as an investment class within the Golden Visa framework: limited control, stricter performance conditions. An investor route wearing a startup label.
• The Tech Visa (Z.13A, Law 5275/2026, from 6 Feb 2026) — explicitly limited to employees of companies in the National Startup Registry (Elevate Greece): tied to a single employer, 12-month contract, no employer changes. Legal sources state plainly: "Founders and investors should explore separate pathways."
• The Talent Visa (Z.15) — for highly educated professionals (Master's/PhD from a top-ranked university) entering to seek work; also not a founder route.

A founder who wants to run their own company falls back on the ordinary self-employment/independent-activity route or the strategic-investor permit. (Greece is the only country in the Latitude set with no dedicated founder visa — Spain, Italy and Portugal all run purpose-built founder routes; Spain's needs no minimum capital at all.)

Sources: Law 5275/2026 (Z.13A) · Elevate Greece · Enterprise Greece (verified Jul 2026)

2.8 The rest of the catalogue — and the short-stay doors

The full Greek visa universe beyond the headline routes — briefly and honestly:

Sources: migration.gov.gr · mfa.gr · Law 5038/2023 as amended (5100/2024, 5162/2024, 5275/2026) · EU Commission island derogation (verified Jul 2026)

3. Money & Tax

3.1 The tax-residency trap

183+ days in a calendar year, or a centre of vital interests in Greece, makes you a Greek tax resident taxed on worldwide income. Both the FIP (6 months minimum) and the DNV push you across that line by design.

Rates from 1 January 2026 under Law 5246/2025, which cut most brackets by about two percentage points: progressive 9%–44%, with a new 39% band for €40,000–60,000. Notable features:

• Dividends taxed at 5% — the lowest rate in the EU.
• The solidarity contribution remains abolished for private-sector employees and pensioners.
• Under-25s pay 0% on income up to €20,000; 26–30-year-olds pay 9%. Families with four children reach 0% on the lower brackets.
• Social security contributions total 35.16% (13.87% employee + 21.79% employer), capped at €7,761.94/month.
• The same law introduced a 50% ENFIA property-tax reduction for qualifying individuals and extended the VAT suspension on new-build transfers to 31 December 2026.

3.2 The three regimes — Greece's strongest card

Greece runs three parallel regimes for new tax residents (Articles 5A, 5B and 5C of the Income Tax Code). You cannot stack them; you elect one.

a) Article 5B — the 7% pensioner regime

• 7% flat tax on ALL foreign-source income — not only the pension, but dividends, interest, foreign rental income and capital gains too.
• 15 tax years.
• No investment required and no geographic restriction — you may live anywhere in Greece, including Athens.
• Condition: you must not have been a Greek tax resident for 5 of the previous 6 years, and you must move from a country with a tax-cooperation agreement.
• The benefit does not extend to family members; each person elects individually.
• How it compares: Italy's rival 7% regime is restricted to southern municipalities under 30,000 inhabitants and runs for roughly ten tax years. Greece's has no geographic condition and runs fifteen. Spain and Portugal have no dedicated retiree regime at all — Portugal's IFICI explicitly excludes pensions. For a foreign pensioner, this is the single strongest tax proposition in the Latitude set.

b) Article 5A — the non-dom flat tax

• €100,000 per year covering all foreign income regardless of amount, plus €20,000 per additional family member, for up to 15 years.
• Requires a €500,000 investment in Greece and no Greek tax residency for 7 of the previous 8 years.
• Greek-source income remains taxable normally. Missing a payment annuls the status.
• How it compares: at €100,000 this is the cheapest flat-fee non-dom regime in Western Europe — Italy raised its equivalent to €300,000 from 1 January 2026.

c) Article 5C — the 50% exemption for relocating professionals

• 50% of Greek-source employment or self-employment income exempt for 7 years, for people transferring tax residence to work in Greece. A 20% exemption variant applies below the threshold.
• Condition: not a Greek tax resident for 5 of the previous 6 years.
• How it compares: Spain's Beckham regime applies a flat 24% for 6 years; Italy's impatriate regime gives a 50–60% exemption for 5 years; Portugal's IFICI gives 20% flat for 10 years. Greece's sits in the middle on generosity and near the top on duration.

3.3 Double-taxation treaty with Türkiye

In force. (Editorial task for launch: an article-by-article plain-language summary for Turkish users, matching the other three country files.)

3.4 Banking

The gateway document is the AFM (Greek tax identification number), with Taxisnet credentials — the pair is required for essentially every administrative procedure, including the driving-licence process and utility contracts. To complete: which banks open accounts for non-resident foreigners, fee structures, remote-opening options, and whether an AMKA is a precondition.

3.5 Cost of living (2026 data)

Context that matters: Athens rents have risen 20–30% since 2020, driven by short-term rentals and expat demand. Greek minimum wage is €920 gross from April 2026 (up from €880, with a government target of €950 by 2027) and the average salary is €2,440 — so, as in Portugal, Greece works well for people bringing income in and poorly for those expecting to earn locally. Utilities for an 85 m² flat run €120–300/month; a monthly transport pass about €30.

Sources: Numbeo · GreekReporter (Apr 2026) · immigrantinvest.com · getwherenext.com (verified Jul 2026)

3.9 Buying property — no foreign-buyer penalty

4. Daily Life

4.1 Healthcare

• The public system is ESY, administered through EFKA (social insurance) and EOPYY (the purchasing body). Access requires an AMKA — the social security number — and EFKA contributions.
• The structural gap for Latitude's users: FIP, Golden Visa and most digital-nomad holders do not make EFKA contributions, so they are not covered by ESY and rely on private insurance. Public access effectively arrives with employment, self-employment, or citizenship.
• Private insurance is unusually cheap by Western European standards: "residence permit" policies start around €150–350 per person per year for basic inpatient and outpatient cover, with premiums rising by roughly 20% per age band and reaching about €1,000/year above 75. Comprehensive international plans cost more.
• For those inside ESY: EOPYY-contracted doctors cost €5–15 per visit and prescriptions carry 10–25% co-payments (capped around €3 for essential medicines).
• Private consultations run €50–100 without insurance.
• Genuine strength: Greece has 6.6 doctors per 1,000 people against an OECD average of 3.9 — one of the highest densities in the developed world. Life expectancy is around 82 years.
• Practical caveats: waiting times in the public system are long, English is not guaranteed outside major hospitals and private facilities, and island healthcare thins quickly — complex care usually means Athens, Thessaloniki or Crete.

Sources: EOPYY / EFKA · OECD · feather-insurance.com · immigrantinvest.com · movingto.com (verified Jul 2026)

4.2 Language

EF EPI 2025: score 592, rank #20 of 123 — strong English, second in the set; islands and tourist economies especially. (EF EPI 2025, ef.com — the set spans #6 Portugal to #59 Italy.)

• Official: Greek. A different alphabet is a real practical barrier that Spanish, Italian and Portuguese do not present — street signs, forms and official portals assume it, and transliteration is inconsistent.
• English prevalence is high in Athens, Thessaloniki, tourist regions and among younger Greeks; thinner in rural areas and in bureaucracy.
• Citizenship requires B1 plus the Panhellenic naturalisation exam — matching Italy's level and above Spain's and Portugal's A2, and layered on top of a script most newcomers start from zero on. Budget years, not months.

4.3 Education

Free public schooling for resident children; international schools concentrated in Athens and Thessaloniki. To complete: 2026 fee ranges, enrolment windows, and recognition of foreign qualifications.

4.4 Driving licence — for Turkish citizens the worst outcome in the set

This is the most consequential negative finding in this file, and it deserves stating plainly.

• Non-EU/EEA residents must exchange for or obtain a Greek licence once they have usual residence in Greece — 185 days within 12 months.
• Greece converts foreign licences without a driving test only for a defined list of third countries. The list published by gov.gr, the National Registry of Administrative Procedures (mitos.gov.gr) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs covers: the USA, Canada, Australia, Japan, South Africa and South Korea. Driving-school sources additionally cite Albania, Switzerland, Serbia, the UAE and former Soviet states.
• Türkiye does not appear on any of these lists. In practice this means a Turkish licence holder who becomes resident must enrol at a Greek driving school and pass both the theory and the practical examination, with a medical assessment, to drive legally.
• Latitude's honesty rule applies here: absence from a published list is strong evidence, not proof. Anyone affected should confirm directly with the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport or their regional Transport and Communications Directorate before assuming — but should plan and budget for a full test.
• The comparison, since it is stark: Spain converts Turkish licences with no test (6-month window, pending DGT verification with Türkiye); Italy converts with no test under an agreement running to 18 July 2028 and a 6-year residence limit; Portugal does not require conversion at all, because Türkiye sits on the IMT's OECD list. Greece is the only one of the four where a Turkish driver starts from zero.

Sources: gov.gr ("Μετατροπή ισχύουσας άδειας οδήγησης από Η.Π.Α., Καναδά, Αυστραλία, Ιαπωνία, Νότια Αφρική και Νότια Κορέα") · mitos.gov.gr · Greek MFA · expatfocus.com (verified Jul 2026)

4.5 Internet & e-government

Greece's genuine success story of the last five years. The gov.gr platform consolidated hundreds of services, and the country's EGDI score rose to 0.8674, 36th of 193, up +0.0219 since 2022 — ahead of both Portugal (49th) and Italy (51st), though behind Spain (17th). Anyone expecting Greek bureaucracy to be uniformly worse than its neighbours' should note that on this measure it is not. The offline layer, however, has not kept pace: WJP ranks Greece 41st globally on open government (§6).

5. Practical Relocation

5.1 Bringing pets (from an "unlisted" country like Türkiye)

The EU sequence is identical across the whole Latitude set — microchip → rabies vaccine → 30-day wait → titer test (≥0.5 IU/ml) → 3-month wait → EU health certificate — with a realistic minimum of about 4.5–5 months from zero. Maximum five pets per person; the pet must travel with you within the usual window or the movement becomes a commercial import under different rules.

🇬🇷 Greece-specific rules, and the distinction that decides your flight booking:

• Mainland Border Inspection Posts: Athens (ATH) and Thessaloniki (SKG) international airports, the ports of Piraeus and Thessaloniki, and the rail entry points at Eidomeni, Neos Kafkasos and Promachonas.
• Island entry points exist — and this is where Greece differs from Italy. Authorised island arrival airports for accompanied pets include Rhodes, Kos, Kalymnos, Mytilene (Lesvos), Myrina (Limnos), Chios, Ermoupolis (Syros), Heraklion and Chania (Crete), Corfu and Kefalonia.
• But accompanied is not the same as cargo, and the sources split exactly here. Relocation specialists report that pets travelling as manifest cargo must clear at Athens or Thessaloniki first and then transfer to a domestic flight, because island airports are not equipped to process international cargo arrivals — and that a cargo booking routed straight to an island will be refused. If your animals fly with you in cabin or as checked baggage, the island list applies; if they fly as cargo, plan for a mainland clearance stop. Confirm the routing with your carrier and the Ministry of Rural Development and Food before booking anything.
• Not all island ports are approved for pet entry from outside the EU — verify separately if your route involves a ferry into a smaller island.
• Greece requires the bilingual English/Greek EU health certificate. The English-only form is not accepted — a small formatting detail that turns into a refusal at the counter.
• Context worth knowing: Greece has had no detected cases of animal rabies since 2014 and is classified as low-risk.

Sources: EU Reg. 576/2013 · Ministry of Rural Development and Food · visitgreece.gr · pettravel.com · petrelocation.com · expatfocus.com (verified Jul 2026)

5.2 Bureaucracy reality /

• The AFM (tax number) plus Taxisnet credentials gate everything — bank account, lease, utilities, healthcare registration, the driving-licence process. They are Greece's equivalent of Spain's NIE, Italy's codice fiscale and Portugal's NIF, and an accountant usually arranges both.
• gov.gr genuinely works, and Latitude should say so: Greece's EGDI score of 0.8674 (36th of 193) puts it ahead of both Portugal and Italy on digital government, and the platform consolidated hundreds of previously in-person services.
• The offline layer has not caught up. WJP ranks Greece 41st globally on open government and 53rd on transparency, and processing at the Directorate of Aliens and Immigration is widely reported as slow, especially in Athens and during tourist season.
• The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) has been fully operational since 10 April 2026, and ETIAS is expected in late 2026 — both affect short-stay entries before your residence permit exists.
• Still to verify: apostille and sworn-translation requirements in practice, appointment waiting times by region, and how much smaller prefectures outperform Athens.

5.3 First 90 days checklist (expand into the interactive tool)

1. Enter on the national (Type D) visa → 2. Obtain the AFM and Taxisnet credentials → 3. Open a Greek bank account → 4. File for the residence permit at the Directorate of Aliens and Immigration — students have a hard 40-day deadline → 5. Obtain an AMKA if you are contributing to EFKA, or activate private insurance if you are not → 6. Register with a doctor or an EOPYY-contracted practice → 7. Start the driving-licence process before day 185 → 8. Register pets in the national companion-animal database.

5.4 Shipping belongings & customs /

• Greece applies EU transfer-of-residence relief through a certificate of repatriation (πιστοποιητικό μετοικεσίας), which non-EU arrivals should request from the Greek embassy or consulate in the country of origin before departure — this is a sequencing trap, because the document is much harder to obtain after you have already moved.
• The owner must be present in person for customs clearance at the port of entry (typically Piraeus). Documents include passport copy, packing list, original bill of lading or air waybill, and the certificate of repatriation.
• Vehicles: importable under the same relief, but the vehicle must have been owned and in use for at least 6 months in the country of origin before import, and holders may still owe Greek registration plate costs and, on some vehicles, a luxury tax.
• To verify before publishing: the current filing deadline after establishing residence, the exact registration-tax (τέλος ταξινόμησης) exemption conditions, and whether the 6-month/12-month tests match the EU norm used in Spain, Italy and Portugal. The other three countries all differ from each other here, so Greece must not be inferred from them.

Sources: Greek customs authority via consular guidance · IAM Greece country guide · Rainier Overseas (older, cross-check needed) · IATA travel centre (verified Jul 2026 where marked )

6. Life Fit Index — Data Inputs

Raw indicator values feed the user-weighted score. Each value carries its source + edition year; all values refresh in the annual update cycle.

Edition warning for the comparison screen: Greece's rule-of-law figure is from the WJP 2025 edition and its safety figure from the GPI 2026 edition, while the other three country files carry WJP 2024 and GPI 2025. Those two rows must be re-based on a single edition before any cross-country comparison ships. Every other row below is edition-matched with the rest of the set.

7. Assessment

Pros

Citizenship in 7 years — the only sub-decade route left in the Latitude set, with dual nationality permitted · the best retiree tax regime of the four: 7% flat on all foreign income for 15 years, with no geographic restriction, where Italy confines its equivalent to small southern towns and Spain and Portugal offer nothing comparable · the cheapest flat-fee non-dom regime in Western Europe at €100,000 against Italy's €300,000 · dividends taxed at 5%, the lowest rate in the EU, and a 2026 reform that cut most income-tax brackets · a Golden Visa with a genuine €250,000 entry point and no minimum stay · digital government ahead of both Portugal and Italy, with gov.gr a real success · 6.6 doctors per 1,000 people and unusually cheap private insurance · a full democracy with same-sex marriage and adoption constitutionally upheld · Athens outside the centre and the mainland cities remain genuinely affordable.

Cons

The €3,500/month FIP threshold is the highest in the set — nearly four times Greece's own minimum wage, and almost four times Portugal's D7 · Türkiye is not on the driving-licence conversion list, so Turkish residents face a full theory and practical test where all three other countries require none · press freedom is last in the entire European Union — 86th of 180, with RSF describing a systemic crisis since 2021 spanning state surveillance of journalists, Predator spyware, an unsolved murder and routine SLAPP suits · air quality is now the worst of the four at 3× the WHO guideline, and deteriorating fastest · rule of law ranks 48th of 143 and 29th of 31 in its European peer group, with Order & Security last in the region · corruption perception is the lowest of the four · life expectancy is the lowest of the four · public healthcare is effectively closed to non-contributing residents · in-country digital-nomad applications were abolished in February 2026 · Golden Visa properties can no longer be short-term let, which breaks the yield model many earlier investors assumed · the Greek alphabet plus a B1 exam makes the language path steeper than in the other three countries.

Risks

• The legal framework moves quickly and in both directions. Law 5100/2024 rebuilt the Golden Visa, Law 5246/2025 rewrote the tax brackets, Law 5275/2026 closed in-country nomad applications. Three consecutive years, three structural changes. → Version everything.
• Thresholds are politically, not formulaically, set. Unlike Portugal and Greece's own minimum wage, the €3,500 FIP/DNV figure is a policy number that can move without a formula to predict it.
• Two credible indices disagree about Greek safety (GPI improving, WJP Order & Security last in Europe). Present both; do not resolve the tension by picking one.
• Air quality is trending the wrong way fast — a 30% deterioration in a single reporting cycle is unusual and worth re-checking annually rather than treating as noise.

Regional differences (and the Golden Visa now enforces them)

Greece is the only country in the set where the residency programme itself is drawn on a map: Attica, Thessaloniki, Mykonos, Santorini and every island over 3,100 residents sit in the €800,000 tier, while the rest of the country — most of Crete, most of the Peloponnese, the northern mainland — sits at €400,000. That single rule pushes investment away from exactly the places most newcomers first imagine.

Beyond the visa map: Thessaloniki offers city life 15–25% cheaper than Athens; Crete is large enough to have real infrastructure and records the country's cleanest air at Agios Nikolaos; Thessaly is the cheapest mainland option but contains Lamia, the country's most polluted city; Epirus trades mountain beauty against cold winters and wood-smoke pollution; the Cyclades are iconic, expensive and largely shut in winter.

Latitude principle: the country page must always open the "where within the country?" question.

8. Master Source List

Official: Ministry of Migration & Asylum · Ministry of Interior (naturalisation) · AADE / Independent Authority for Public Revenue · gov.gr · mitos.gov.gr (National Registry of Administrative Procedures) · Greek MFA · EOPYY / EFKA · Government Gazette (Law 5100/2024; Law 5162/2024; Law 5246/2025; Law 5275/2026; Law 4825/2021; Law 3284/2004)

Secondary (cross-checked): Global Citizen Solutions · Immigrant Invest · Investment Visa · Astons · Remote Work Europe · Consilio Jus · GreekReporter · govwatch · Numbeo · IQAir · OECD · ILGA-Europe · EIU · World Justice Project · Transparency International · UN DESA (EGDI)

Template note: this file reuses the Spain, Italy and Portugal structure exactly (blocks 1–8, same visa mini-template, same status flags). Greece is close to publishable but not there yet. Remaining items: education costs, banking detail, customs filing deadlines and the vehicle registration-tax exemption, plus two Life Fit values (accessibility, Expat Insider). Two rows also carry an edition mismatch with the rest of the set (WJP 2025 vs 2024; GPI 2026 vs 2025) — see the alignment note prepared for Claude Code.

Per the working rule adopted after the Portugal correction: every comparison in this file was written after the research was complete, from verified figures only. No comparative claim here rests on an estimate, and no value has been quoted into a comparison.